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Back to verbs, this time, Subjunctive verbs. The Subjunctive mood deals with “possibilities” (not “reality” like the Indicative mood).
When translating a subjunctive verb, start with “may/might” in front of it, then smooth out the english later.
The sign of the Subjunctive is the connecting vowel (the -ο- or -ε-) is lengthened (to an -ω- or an -η-)
There are only two Tenses for Subjunctive verbs, Present and Aorist.
For the Aorist Tense Identifiers (-σα- for active/middle and -θη- for passive) because the vowel is lengthened in the subjunctive the second letter (the vowel) disappears (so it’s only -σ- for active/middle and -θ- for passive).
If you see a ἵνα or ἔαν in a clause that’s a real clue there will be a Subjunctive. “In order that” and “if” deal with what “might” be.
ex: “The questioned Jesus IN ORDER THAT (ἵνα) they MIGHT TRICK (Subj.) him.” or “IF (ἔαν) you drink that, you MAY GET SICK (Subj.)”
Here’s a great subjunctive verb:
προσευχώμεθα
The vocabulary word is προσευχομαι so it’s a deponent verb (uses only the Middle/Passive endings) meaning “to pray”
Note that the connecting vowel -ο- has lengthened to an -ω- (so we know it’s Subjunctive) i.e. translate with “may” in front.
The ending is the First Person Plural -ομεθα (but with the long -ω- in stead of the short -ο-)
So, this is a Present Deponent Subjunctive Verb First Person Plural from προσευχομαι
Translation: “May we pray” or “Let us pray”
As long as you know your vocabulary, and you know the personal endings used by verbs, Subjunctive verbs are pretty easy to recognize.
Sometimes the connecting vowel is already lengthened, so the spelling is the same for Indicative and Subjunctive
Like λύω is the Present Active Indicative First Person Singular, and λύω is the Present Active Subjunctive First Person Singular.
Context will tell you the difference (look for the ἵνα or ἔαν).
Not a lot of new information for these two chapters, but it rounds-out participles.
Remember that a Participle is a “Verbal Adjective” so it is based on the same root/stems as a Verb, but it modifies a Noun (head noun).
However, a Participle can function as a “Substantive” (just like an Adjective can), in which case there would not be a noun to modify, you have to supply it when making your English translation.
You will almost always, however, have a definite article that doesn’t go with anything else in the sentence as a clue.
To translate a Participle, start by adding an “-ing” to the end of the meaning of the verb on which it is based.
From there, if it’s present try adding “while” in front or “after” if it’s aorist or perfect.
For the Perfect Participle, it is “completed action” meaning it will be in the past, but the effects are still true (exactly like a perfect verb)
A Perfect ACTIVE Participle has -κ- added to it (remember the -κα- for Perfect Active Verbs) and then an -οτ- added as well. (-ντ- is usually the sign of the Active Participle, but in this case, the ν drops out, leaving the connecting vowel ο and τ to form -οτ-).
Just like verbs, there is reduplication at the start of the word, and then the usual case endings are on the end.
example: λελυκοτες (reduplication + stem + κ + οτ + case ending: λε+λυ+κ+οτ+ες)
For the Perfect Participle, it is translated “after having…” so λελυκοτες is “after having destroyed” – but you’ll want to smooth that out in your second pass into English.
See the master participle chart on page 283 in the book. This will tell you what you need to know for Participles.
This chapter is about Aorist Participles
As in the last chapter (Present Participles) when you see an -ντ- (Masculine) or -ουσα- (Feminine) in a word based on a verb, that’s an Active Participle, and if you see -μενο- (Masculine) or -μενη- (Feminine), that’s a Middle/Passive Participle.
A Participle is a Verbal Adjective. You translate it like a verb, but it’s specifically connected to a “Head Noun”
A Present Participle can be translated “While…” and uses an “-ing” word in english. “While running…”
Aorist Participles are identified much the same as Aorist Verbs. if you see a -σα- (in addition to a Participle Morpheme: -ντ- -ουσα- -μενο- or -μενη-) then it’s an Aorist Participle. Similarly as with verbs, the Aorist Middle verb uses the Middle Morpheme (-μενο- or -μενη-) while the Aorist Passive Participle actually uses the Active Morpheme (-ντ- or -ουσα-) along with the -θη- or just -η-. Just know, the η can change to an ε. Similar to verbs.
Aorist Participles do not have an argument on the front of the word, that’s different from verbs.
The key is to be able to recognize that it’s a Participle (Morphemes) and then identify the Case Ending, just remember, when you add things, like -ντ- strange things can happen. Because τ is a consonant it has to be a 3rd Declension ending. If the ending is “nothing” then a word can’t end with a τ and the ν can drop off. So just because you don’t see the Morpheme, doesn’t mean it wasn’t added. It’s tricky, I know. Participles are no joke.
Don’t sweat it though. Identify that it’s a Participle, then if you can tell the Case, Gender, and Number by the Case Ending, then you’re there. You know what the head noun is, and you translate it along with that word as an -ing word.
Present Participles are “while …-ing” and Aorist Participles are “after …-ing”
Just like with Verbs, there are two kinds of Aorist. The 1st Aorist (majority) follow the rules above, 2nd Aorist don’t have the Tense Identifiers (just like for Verbs) and they just use a different Verb Stem. 2nd Aorist Participles are hard to identify. Don’t worry too much. Just if you see a word that looks like it’s maybe a verb, but looks weird, think “participle” look for the case ending and connect it with a head noun.
You can do this!
Know Chapter 28 Vocab and be able to identify Participles as opposed to Verbs.
In this chapter:
Present Active Participles (Masculine & Neuter: -ντ / Feminine: -ουσα) and
Present Middle/Passive Participles (Masculine & Neuter -μενο / Feminine -μενη).
Participles are “Verbal-Adjectives” so they also have the Noun/Adjective Case Endings (Remember Chapter 10? Go back and re-memorize these, you gotta know them to know which “head Noun” your Participle modifies)
That’s how you form the participle: Stem (+ Connecting Vowel, if it has one) + Participle Morpheme (-ντ/-ουσα or -μενο/-μενη) + (Noun/Adjective) Case Endings
Always be reviewing your vocabulary, all the way back…
The next quiz (after Spring Break) will consist of being able to match the appropriate Participle Morpheme to Present Participles, be they Active or Middle/Passive, and of all three genders (Masculine, Feminine, Neuter)
Read through Chapter 27 in the Grammar Book and pay attention to those charts.
Review the Master Verb Chart to know all the items in a word to tell you Tense, Voice, Mood, Person, and Number.
Review the Case Endings Chart to know those endings for Participles.
This is Greek, you can do this!!!
