Greek Chapter 24

Posted on February 21, 2019 by John Harris

Last night I recorded a video “lecture” at my office to help.

Here’s the Chapter 24 QUIZ

In chapter 24 we learn that there’s more than one way to spell an Aorist (there’s two).

The endings you’ve learned will tell you Person and Number (4 quadrants of 6 endings each, 24 endings).

The endings also help you determine if something is Present/Future (Primary Endings) or “Past Tense” Imperfect/Aorist (Secondary Endings).

Also, the endings help point to whether the verb is Active or Passive/Middle

What you need to be able to determine is what Tense these verbs are. It’s multiple choice.

Present tense is when the word is in the form you memorized the vocabulary word, though it may have a different ending. Remember, the lexical form is always Present-Active-Indicative-First Person-Singular.

Future tense will have a -σ- between the stem and the ending. It could also have an -εσ- if it is a liquid verb. In these cases, the σ may drop out or combine with other consonants, but you can see that a σ was added.

Imperfect tense is the “past tense” but continual action “I was kicking the ball.” Imperfect uses the secondary endings and has an ε- augment on the front of the word. It may combine with an α- on the front of a word to become an η- but you can recognize that there was an ε- added. The secondary endings also have the ε- added to the front.

 Aorist tense verbs also use the secondary endings, with augments. Aorist is also “past tense” but it has an undefined aspect, so “I kicked the ball” (not “I was kicking the ball” continual action). One way to spot them is that they use a different stem than the Present, Future, and Imperfect tenses, and have the augment on the front with the secondary endings. You know the stem for the Present tense, that’s the way you memorized the vocabulary word (e.g. βαλλω) so if the stem is not the same (e.g. βαλ in stead of βαλλ) then it’s Aorist.

In english we have two different classes of words when it comes to how we spell them in past tense. How do you make “kick” past tense? You simply add -ed. How do you make “eat” past tense? You change it to “ate.” This doesn’t affect meaning, it’s just two different classes of spelling the past tense. Greek has this too.

The Aorist tense where the verb uses a different stem than the present tense (see above) is called Second Aorist. That’s just one pattern of spelling, and the more rare one. 

The Aorist tense where the verb uses the same stem as Present, Future, and Imperfect tenses is called First Aorist.

Think about that, if it has the same argument (ε-) on the front, and the same secondary endings as the Imperfect, then there has to be something to make it different. This is Chapter 23, First Aorist. A -σα- is added between the stem and the ending.

Don’t let this confuse you. If you see a -σ- added in the middle of a verb it is Future, unless that -σ- is followed immediately by an -α-. This is one that will almost never be augmented. If you see a -σα- between the stem and the ending, it is Aorist (First Aorist, to be exact, and you don’t have to be that exact).

Vocabulary is becoming even more important. You’ve gotta know what the original word was so you can recognize the changes being made. You can do this, but you can’t cram this. Vocab Vocab Vocab!

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Greek Chapter 23

Posted on February 14, 2019 by John Harris

At this point, you should be getting a good handle on Greek Verbs – at least how to recognize and “parse” them.

You need to be able to look at a verb and identify Tense, Voice, Mood, Person, and Number.

The endings tell you a lot! You need to know all 24 of them (figure 21.14) very well.

Active and Passive (Middle), and Primary and Secondary.

The -σ- (or the -εσ-) is the sign of the Future tense.

You need to recognize when there’s an ε augment on the front of a verb indicating secondary endings and thus “past tense”

Then, if it is a secondary ending, if it uses the same stem as the Present, then it’s Imperfect tense (continuous aspect)

If it uses a stem different than the Present tense, then that’s the root of the verb and Aorist (2nd Aorist pattern).

Or, if it uses the same stem as the Present tense (the root is the same as the Present tense stem) then it adds -σα- to form the Aorist (1st Aorist pattern)

Aorist is the undefined aspect, usually translated in the past tense in English (there is no difference in meaning between 1st and 2nd Aorist, only a difference in spelling/pattern).

You can do this! At this point, we’re just adding new rules about what is added. You know all the endings!

Vocabulary, Vocabulary, Vocabulary!!!

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Greek Chapter 22

Posted on February 7, 2019 by John Harris

Now you know all 24 endings, you need to know these:

Primary Active, Primary Passive (Middle), Secondary Active, Secondary Passive

The Secondary tense endings also have an ε- augment on the front of the stem, easy to recognize if you know the endings very well.

Know the vocabulary, know the endings (no more endings! this is it!!!)

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Greek Chapter 21

Posted on January 31, 2019 by John Harris

You’ve gotta know the Primary Active & Primary Passive endings (figure 21:14) or this chapter is really really hard

the -σ- is the sign of the Future Tense. With Liquid Verbs it is an -εσ-

You’ve gotta be able to recognize when a -σ- was added, but dropped out because it’s between 2 vowels

Then sometimes those two vowels combine to create a diphthong. a Circumflex (i.e. -οῦ-) is often a dead giveaway

Know your vocabulary.

If you have the vocabulary down cold, and you know those endings backwards and forwards, you can understand this chapter. If you are struggling with these because you have not memorized your vocabulary and endings, there are no shortcuts. Spend some real time memorizing… repetition is the key. Over, and over, and over, and over…

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Matthew 21

Posted on January 28, 2019 by John Harris

When they approached Jerusalem and came to Bethphage at the Mount of Olives, Jesus then sent two disciples, telling them, “Go into the village ahead of you. At once you will find a donkey tied there with her foal. Untie them and bring them to me. If anyone says anything to you, say that the Lord needs them, and he will send them at once.”
This took place so that what was spoken through the prophet might be fulfilled:
Tell Daughter Zion,
“See, your King is coming to you,
gentle, and mounted on a donkey,
and on a colt,
the foal of a donkey.”
The disciples went and did just as Jesus directed them. They brought the donkey and its foal; then they laid their clothes on them, and he sat on them. A very large crowd spread their clothes on the road; others were cutting branches from the trees and spreading them on the road. Then the crowds who went ahead of him and those who followed shouted:
Hosanna to the Son of David!
Blessed is he who comes in the name
of the Lord!
Hosanna in the highest heaven!
When he entered Jerusalem, the whole city was in an uproar, saying, “Who is this? ” The crowds were saying, “This is the prophet Jesus from Nazareth in Galilee.”
Cleansing the Temple
Jesus went into the temple and threw out all those buying and selling. He overturned the tables of the money changers and the chairs of those selling doves. He said to them, “It is written, my house will be called a house of prayer, but you are making it a den of thieves! ”
Children Praise Jesus
The blind and the lame came to him in the temple, and he healed them. When the chief priests and the scribes saw the wonders that he did and the children shouting in the temple, “Hosanna to the Son of David! ” they were indignant and said to him, “Do you hear what these children are saying? ”
Jesus replied, “Yes, have you never read:
You have prepared praise
from the mouths of infants and nursing babies? ”
Then he left them, went out of the city to Bethany, and spent the night there.
Early in the morning, as he was returning to the city, he was hungry. Seeing a lone fig tree by the road, he went up to it and found nothing on it except leaves. And he said to it, “May no fruit ever come from you again! ” At once the fig tree withered.
When the disciples saw it, they were amazed and said, “How did the fig tree wither so quickly? ”
Jesus answered them, “Truly I tell you, if you have faith and do not doubt, you will not only do what was done to the fig tree, but even if you tell this mountain, ‘Be lifted up and thrown into the sea,’ it will be done. And if you believe, you will receive whatever you ask for in prayer.”
When he entered the temple, the chief priests and the elders of the people came to him as he was teaching and said, “By what authority are you doing these things? Who gave you this authority? ”
Jesus answered them, “I will also ask you one question, and if you answer it for me, then I will tell you by what authority I do these things. Did John’s baptism come from heaven, or was it of human origin? ”
They discussed it among themselves, “If we say, ‘From heaven,’ he will say to us, ‘Then why didn’t you believe him? ’ But if we say, ‘Of human origin,’ we’re afraid of the crowd, because everyone considers John to be a prophet.” So they answered Jesus, “We don’t know.”
And he said to them, “Neither will I tell you by what authority I do these things.
“What do you think? A man had two sons. He went to the first and said, ‘My son, go work in the vineyard today.’
“He answered, ‘I don’t want to,’ but later he changed his mind and went. Then the man went to the other and said the same thing. ‘I will, sir,’ he answered, but he didn’t go. Which of the two did his father’s will? ”
They said, “The first.”
Jesus said to them, “Truly I tell you, tax collectors and prostitutes are entering the kingdom of God before you. For John came to you in the way of righteousness, and you didn’t believe him. Tax collectors and prostitutes did believe him; but you, when you saw it, didn’t even change your minds then and believe him.
The Parable of the Vineyard Owner
“Listen to another parable: There was a landowner, who planted a vineyard, put a fence around it, dug a winepress in it, and built a watchtower. He leased it to tenant farmers and went away. When the time came to harvest fruit, he sent his servants to the farmers to collect his fruit. The farmers took his servants, beat one, killed another, and stoned a third. Again, he sent other servants, more than the first group, and they did the same to them. Finally, he sent his son to them. ‘They will respect my son,’ he said.
“But when the tenant farmers saw the son, they said to each other, ‘This is the heir. Come, let’s kill him and take his inheritance.’ So they seized him, threw him out of the vineyard, and killed him. Therefore, when the owner of the vineyard comes, what will he do to those farmers? ”
“He will completely destroy those terrible men,” they told him, “and lease his vineyard to other farmers who will give him his fruit at the harvest.”
Jesus said to them, “Have you never read in the Scriptures:
The stone that the builders rejected
has become the cornerstone.
This is what the Lord has done
and it is wonderful in our eyes?
Therefore I tell you, the kingdom of God will be taken away from you and given to a people producing its fruit. Whoever falls on this stone will be broken to pieces; but on whomever it falls, it will shatter him.”
When the chief priests and the Pharisees heard his parables, they knew he was speaking about them. Although they were looking for a way to arrest him, they feared the crowds, because the people regarded him as a prophet.

Matthew 21

Jesus came into Jerusalem knowing what was ahead of him. The people saw him as the long promised King in the line of David, and so he is. They shouted “Lord save us, we pray!” (Hosanna). Where were they just a few days later? Were they genuine believers, or were they looking for some temporary perks, freedom from the oppression of Rome? Jesus cleansed the temple, their faith was not real. The chief priests and the rulers didn’t like what people, kids really, were saying about Jesus, but he didn’t deny it. That’s who he was. Don’t think that Jesus will bring unlimited blessing, no matter what. Just as those wicked servants of the previous chapter, and the fig tree in this one, those who do not produce the fruit of repentance (turning to Jesus) will not get a “pass” forever. Judgment day is coming. Do you know him, do you genuinely follow him… or is it just something you say “save me Lord.” Jesus was challenged, but the proof is in the outcome. A son who says “yes” but doesn’t follow-through is no good at all, however a son who may say “no” at first, but eventually does his father’s will, is the good son.

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