This chapter is about Aorist Participles
As in the last chapter (Present Participles) when you see an -ντ- (Masculine) or -ουσα- (Feminine) in a word based on a verb, that’s an Active Participle, and if you see -μενο- (Masculine) or -μενη- (Feminine), that’s a Middle/Passive Participle.
A Participle is a Verbal Adjective. You translate it like a verb, but it’s specifically connected to a “Head Noun”
A Present Participle can be translated “While…” and uses an “-ing” word in english. “While running…”
Aorist Participles are identified much the same as Aorist Verbs. if you see a -σα- (in addition to a Participle Morpheme: -ντ- -ουσα- -μενο- or -μενη-) then it’s an Aorist Participle. Similarly as with verbs, the Aorist Middle verb uses the Middle Morpheme (-μενο- or -μενη-) while the Aorist Passive Participle actually uses the Active Morpheme (-ντ- or -ουσα-) along with the -θη- or just -η-. Just know, the η can change to an ε. Similar to verbs.
Aorist Participles do not have an argument on the front of the word, that’s different from verbs.
The key is to be able to recognize that it’s a Participle (Morphemes) and then identify the Case Ending, just remember, when you add things, like -ντ- strange things can happen. Because τ is a consonant it has to be a 3rd Declension ending. If the ending is “nothing” then a word can’t end with a τ and the ν can drop off. So just because you don’t see the Morpheme, doesn’t mean it wasn’t added. It’s tricky, I know. Participles are no joke.
Don’t sweat it though. Identify that it’s a Participle, then if you can tell the Case, Gender, and Number by the Case Ending, then you’re there. You know what the head noun is, and you translate it along with that word as an -ing word.
Present Participles are “while …-ing” and Aorist Participles are “after …-ing”
Just like with Verbs, there are two kinds of Aorist. The 1st Aorist (majority) follow the rules above, 2nd Aorist don’t have the Tense Identifiers (just like for Verbs) and they just use a different Verb Stem. 2nd Aorist Participles are hard to identify. Don’t worry too much. Just if you see a word that looks like it’s maybe a verb, but looks weird, think “participle” look for the case ending and connect it with a head noun.
You can do this!
Know Chapter 28 Vocab and be able to identify Participles as opposed to Verbs.
